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}} |popplace = Chiefly in Elías Piña, San Pedro de Macorís, Santo Domingo, and San Cristóbal; also in Dajabón, Pedernales, Independencia, La Romana and Hato Mayor. |langs = majority Dominican Spanish minority English (Samaná English) |rels = Dominican Vudú, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism |related = Dominican people, other Afro-Latin Americans, Afro-Haitian }} Black ((スペイン語:Negro, ''colloq.'' Moreno)) was part of a racial classification system in the Dominican Republic that was abandoned in January 2015, as a result of an amendment to the Dominican identity card. The Census hasn't used racial categories since 1960.〔 It was applied to Dominicans of full or predominant black African ancestry, which is represented by 4.26% of the Dominican population, according to the leaked 1996 electoral census based on or by 10.9% of the Dominican population, according to the 1960 population census (the last one in which race was queried).〔 Blacks were one of the four ethnicities officially recognized in the Dominican Republic; the others being ''mulattoes'', ''whites'', and ''yellows''. Most Black Dominicans descend from West Africans and Central Africans (almost the half of them were Kongo, with other important ethnicities being the Mandingo, the Igbo people from the regions of Calabar and Biafra, and people captured near the São Jorge da Mina castle), who arrived from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century as a result of slavery,〔(AfricanOriginsbroadregionsforCarribeanbigislandsagainstotherorigins.jpg Photo by oditous3 | Photobucket )〕 while many others descend from immigrants who came from the United States during the 19th century or from the Lesser Antilles during the 20th century. Currently there are also many black immigrants, particularly from Haiti,〔(Dominican Republic has a clear, respectful immigration policy - The Washington Post )〕〔(Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds | Haiti Innovation )〕 who can be included within the Afro-Dominican demographics if they were born in the country or have Dominican naturalization. Black Dominicans make up a significant minority of the country's population, but there is a lack of recent official data〔 and it is not possible to quantify their numbers because the ''National Office of Statistics'' (ONE) does not collect racial data since 1960 because of the race taboo and "political correctness" that originated after the fall of Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorship;〔 though the ''Central Electoral Board'' still collected racial data until 2014.〔 According to a 2011 survey by Latinobarómetro, 26% of the Dominicans surveyed identified themselves as black.〔(Informe Latinobarómetro 2011 ), page 58〕 == History == In 1503, with the conquest and colonization of the island, the Spanish began to import large numbers of African slaves to replace the native labor, greatly reduced by wars, brutal working conditions and epidemics. About 80 or 90% of the native population died in the first century of the conquest. Meanwhile, between 1492 and 1870, some 30,000 Africans were imported to the current Dominican territory to work in the sugar industry.〔(La Esclavitud en la América española ) (in Spanish: Slavery in Spanish America). Written by José Andrés Gallego. Publicated in 2005. Page 19.〕 In 1503, the first African slaves arrived to the Hispaniola island, mostly in the present Dominican Republic, since Spain had largely neglected the west of the island. The first slaves were Black Ladinos, i.e. born in Spain and Christianized.〔 They arrived as servants for the homes of the island´s Spanish elite.〔 However, the number of slaves imported to the island was already sufficient to support small rebellions, and the Africans who escaped to the mountains lived with the indigenous people in shelters away from urban centers.〔(Mi país: NOTAS SOBRE LA CULTURA DOMINICANA ) (in Spanish: Notes respect to the Dominican culture). Posted by Carlos Esteban Deive, from an article published in Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano (in Spanish: Bulletin of the Museum of Dominican Man) - Año VIII, Núm. 12 (Enero 1979). Retrieved December 20, 2012, to 12:55 pm.〕 Even so, in 1510, 250 more Ladino slaves were imported to the island. In 1511, 5,000 African slaves arrived.〔(Slave Routes - Americas and Carabbean ). Retrieved 03, February 2013, to 1:50pm〕 In 1516, the world's first sugar mill was established on the island and so, the importation of African slaves greatly increased. As trade intensified and colonial authorities demanded more slave labor for plantations and housekeeping work, the island saw the introduction of black "bozales," slaves imported directly from Africa. In 1522, the first major slave rebellion was〔 led by 20 Senegalese Muslims of Wolof origin, in an ingenio (sugar factory) east of the Santo Domingo colony.〔 Many of the insurgents fled to the mountains and established what would become the first autonomous African Maroon community in America.〔 With the success of this revolt, slave revolts continued and leaders emerged among the African slaves, including people already baptized Christian by the Spanish, as was the case of Juan Vaquero, Diego de Guzmán and Diego del Campo. The rebellions and subsequent escapes led to the establishment of African communities in the southwest, north and east of the island, including the first communities of African ex-slaves in western Hispaniola that was Spanish administered until 1697, when it was sold to France and became Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti). This caused some concern among slaveholders and contributed to the Spanish emigration to other places. Even as sugarcane increased profitability in the island, the number of escaped Africans continued to rise, mixing with Taíno people of these regions, and by 1530, Maroon bands were considered dangerous to the Spanish colonists, who traveled in large armed groups outside the plantations and left the mountainous regions to the Maroons (until 1654 with the conquest of Jamaica by the Corsairs of British Admiral William Penn and general Robert Venables). With the discovery of precious metals in South America, the Spanish abandoned their migration to the island of Hispaniola to emigrate to South America and Mexico in order to get rich, for they did not find much wealth there. Thus, they also abandoned the slave trade to the island, which led to the collapse of the colony into poverty.〔 Still, during those years, slaves were used to build a cathedral that in time became the most oldest in the Americas. They build the monastery, first hospital and the Alcázar de Colón, and the ''Puerta de las Lamentaciones'' ((スペイン語:Gate of Mercy)). In the 1540s, Spanish authorities ordered the African slaves building a wall to defend the city from attacks by pirates who ravaged the islands.〔 After 1700, with the arrival of new Spanish colonists, the African slave trade resumed. However, as industry moved from sugar to livestock, racial and caste divisions became less important, eventually leading to a blend of cultures—Spanish, African, and indigenous—which would form the basis of national identity for Dominicans. It is estimated that the population of the colony in 1777 was 400,000, of which 100,000 were Europeans and Criollos, 60,000 African, 100.000 mestizo, 60,000 zambo and 100,000 mulatto.〔 At the end of the eighteenth century, fugitive African slaves from Saint-Domingue, the western French colony of the island fled east to Santo Domingo and formed communities such as San Lorenzo de Los Mina, which is currently part of the "city" of Santo Domingo. Fugitives arrived from other parts of the West Indies as well, especially from the Lesser Antilles, dominated by French, English, Dutch, etc.〔(Francisco del Rosario Sánchez One of the Padres de la Patria / Fathers of the Patriotism ) – Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic (DR) – Retrieved 3 November 2012.〕 In 1801, Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture, abolished slavery in the east of Santo Domingo, freeing about 40,000 slaves, and prompting much of the elite of that part of the island to flee to Cuba and Puerto Rico. However, slavery was reestablished in 1809 when the Spanish recovered the area.〔 At the same time, the French governor Ferrand imported a second group of Haitian slaves to build the French colonial enclave Puerto Napoleon (Samana).〔(La isla. Origen de la población dominicana (in Spanish: Origin of the Dominican population). ) Retrieved in May 01, 2013, to 01: 10 pm.〕 Slavery was again abolished in 1822 by Haitian president Jean-Pierre Boyer, during the Haitian unification of Hispaniola which began in February of that year.〔〔 In 1824, African American freed people began to arrive under the Haitian administered island, benefiting from the favorable pro-African immigration policy of Boyer since 1822, coined the ''Haitian emigration''. Called the Samaná Americans, they mostly settled in Puerto Plata Province and the Samaná Peninsula regions. In 1844, two Afro-Dominicans, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella, freed the country along with Juan Pablo Duarte of Haitian rule.〔 Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, black laborers from the British West Indies came to work in the sugar plantations on the east of the island. Their descendants are known today by the name of Cocolos.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afro-Dominican (Dominican Republic)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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